Nobel Prizes for Medicine or Physiology during 2009-2018

1. 2018-  James P Allison and Tasuku Honjo for Immune checkpoint therapy to treatments for advanced, deadly cancers.
2. 2017- Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael Young for unravelling how bodies keep a circadian rhythm or body clock
3. 2016 - Yoshinori Ohsumi for discovering how cells remain healthy by recycling waste.
4. 2015 - William C Campbell, Satoshi Ōmura and Youyou Tu for anti-parasite drug discoveries.
5. 2014 - John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser for discovering the brain's navigating system.
6. 2013 - James Rothman, Randy Schekman, and Thomas Sudhof for their discovery of how cells precisely transport material.
7. 2012 - Two pioneers of stem cell research - John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka - were awarded the Nobel after changing adult cells into stem cells.
8. 2011 - Bruce Beutler, Jules Hoffmann and Ralph Steinman shared the prize after revolutionising the understanding of how the body fights infection.
9. 2010 - Robert Edwards for devising the fertility treatment IVF which led to the first "test tube baby" in July 1978.
10. 2009 - Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Szostak for finding the telomeres at the ends of chromosomes.

It's Urgent to Protect the Biodiversity in the World

An intergovernmental ecological body said on Friday that the biodiversity, the essential variety of life forms on Earth, continued to decline in every region of the world, significantly reducing nature’s capacity to contribute to people’s well-being.

Those alarming trends are endangering economies, livelihoods, food security and the quality of life of people everywhere, according to four peer-reviewed regional reports released by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES).

Human-induced climate change, which affects temperature, precipitation and the nature of extreme events, is increasingly driving biodiversity loss and the reduction of nature’s contributions to people, said Jake Rice, a co-chair of the Americas assessment.

In the Americas, the populations of species are about 31 percent smaller than those was at the time of European colonization, according the report. With the growing effects of climate change added to the other drivers, this loss is projected to reach 40 percent by 2050, it says.

In Africa, by 2100, climate change could also result in the loss of more than half of African bird and mammal species, a 20 to 30 percent decline in the productivity of Africa’s lakes and significant loss of African plant species.

The most recent sad example went to the death of the world’s only remaining male northern white rhino in Kenya on Monday. Its death left only two female northern white rhinos on the planet.

There have been some good news in Asia, however. Over the past 25 years, marine protected areas in the region increased by almost 14 percent and terrestrial protected area by 0.3 percent. Its forest coverage increased by 2.5 percent, with the highest increases in North East Asia (22.9 percent) and by South Asia (5.8 percent).

But the report considered those efforts in Asia insufficient to halt the loss of biodiversity. Unsustainable aquaculture practices, overfishing and destructive harvesting, threaten coastal and marine ecosystems, with projections that, if current fishing practices continue, there will be no exploitable fish stocks in the region by 2048.

Also in Asia, intertidal zones are also rapidly deteriorating due to human activities as up to 90 percent of corals will suffer severe degradation by 2050, even under conservative climate change scenarios.

In the European Union, only 7 percent of marine species and 9 percent of marine habitat types have shown a “favorable conservation status.” Moreover 27 percent of species assessments and 66 percent of habitat types assessments show an “unfavorable conservation status.”

“One of the most important findings across the four IPBES regional assessments is that failure to prioritize policies and actions to stop and reverse biodiversity loss, and the continued degradation of nature’s contributions to people,” said Anne Larigauderie, the Executive Secretary of IPBES.

“Tools like these four regional assessments provide scientific evidence for better decision making and a path we can take forward to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and harness nature’s power for our collective sustainable future,” said Achim Steiner, Administrator of United Nations Development Program.

Stem cells that produce sperm use a genetic trick to stay perpetually young across generations, researchers at the University of Michigan (UM) Life Sciences Institute have discovered.

The results have been newly reported in the journal eLife.

Certain sections of the fruit fly genome get shorter with age. But remarkably, some reproductive cells can repair the shrinkage, and this genomic shrinkage may underlie aspects of aging and hint at ways that select cells might thwart it.

In the study, UM researchers focused on workhorse genes encoded in ribosomal DNA, or rDNA. These genes carry instructions for the parts that make up ribosomes, cellular machines that turn RNA molecules into every protein needed in the body.

In fruit flies, chains of rDNA genes are found on the X and Y chromosomes. Compared with young male fruit flies, old males had a shortage of rDNA genes on the Y chromosome, leaving them with a shrunken Y chromosome.

Moreover, this dearth of rDNA seems to be passed on from generation to generation. Geriatric fly fathers, those 40 days old, passed on their reduced number of rDNA genes to their sons, UM researchers found. These sons had considerably fewer copies of rDNA genes than sons born to younger fathers.

Then the researchers saw something surprising. In many cases, this rDNA loss reversed itself. At about 10 days of age, sons born to old fathers had recovered enough rDNA to be comparable to sons born to young fathers.

"This recovery was something we really didn't expect," said UM Life Sciences Institute faculty member Yukiko Yamashita.

The results suggest that rDNA rejuvenation in sons might be a crucial aspect of how stem cells persist from father to son. The researchers do not yet know whether such a reset can happen to female stem cells in the ovaries.

Until now, researchers had observed the phenomenon only in yeast. If the results hold true for humans, they could offer insight into how most cells deteriorate over time.

Being pushed, Yamashita would wager that some types of immortal cells in people can perform the same rejuvenating trick to prevent the rDNA declines that come with age.

My God, Inout Scripts Adserver is full of errors and warnings

I checked the Inout Scripts Adserver script with http://infohound.net/tidy/. To my surprise, there are still 1 error and 134 warnings with it after 15 months troubleshooting with Inoutscripts supporters Nair and Saranya.

In addition, most of the addons are not working at all.

The inoutscripts software has security vurnerability. It had been attacked 3 times.

These Inout Scripts Scammers had never got these bug fixed. They just took cash and left me nothing working.

Recombinant DNA technology

Recombinant DNA technology, joining together of DNA molecules from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry. Since the focus of all genetics is the gene, the fundamental goal of laboratory geneticists is to isolate, characterize, and manipulate genes. Although it is relatively easy to isolate a sample of DNA from a collection of cells, finding a specific gene within this DNA sample can be compared to finding a needle in a haystack. Consider the fact that each human cell contains approximately 2 metres (6 feet) of DNA. Therefore, a small tissue sample will contain many kilometres of DNA. However, recombinant DNA technology has made it possible to isolate one gene or any other segment of DNA, enabling researchers to determine its nucleotide sequence, study its transcripts, mutate it in highly specific ways, and reinsert the modified sequence into a living organism.

DNA Cloning

In biology a clone is a group of individual cells or organisms descended from one progenitor. This means that the members of a clone are genetically identical, because cell replication produces identical daughter cells each time. The use of the word clone has been extended to recombinant DNA technology, which has provided scientists with the ability to produce many copies of a single fragment of DNA, such as a gene, creating identical copies that constitute a DNA clone. In practice the procedure is carried out by inserting a DNA fragment into a small DNA molecule and then allowing this molecule to replicate inside a simple living cell such as a bacterium. The small replicating molecule is called a DNA vector (carrier). The most commonly used vectors are plasmids (circular DNA molecules that originated from bacteria), viruses, and yeast cells. Plasmids are not a part of the main cellular genome, but they can carry genes that provide the host cell with useful properties, such as drug resistance, mating ability, and toxin production. They are small enough to be conveniently manipulated experimentally, and, furthermore, they will carry extra DNA that is spliced into them.

Inout Scripts™ :: How about the World’s Leading Inspired Clone Scripts and Mobile Apps?

I purchased Inout Spider Script ultimate edition for 2950 USD and Inout Search engine v8 together with addons for $1070 18 months ago, but they did not work. They had not get it fixed, so they suggested reinstalling it for another $80. I did not agree, since they just wanted to reinstall it without revision.

Finally, they said they could install Nutch in place of the Inout Spider. The Nesote charged me $480 for the installation Nutch and integration with Inout Scripts search engine v8.

They told me they were working perfect.

To my surprise, the Nutch just had 6 GB sample data and di not increase in the last 4 months. Again, they took the cash and left me nothing working. They said everything was working.

What Indian scammers they are!  They are the world's leading scamming scripts on earth. These criminal guys are still cheating the customers all over the world.

The phishing scammers are Jacob, Kumar, Nair, and Saranya.

Summary: Inout Shopping Cart Multi-Vendor

You should never purchase the Inout Scripts. These scripts are full of issues, and they’ll never refund you a penny. Avoiding Inoutscripts and the scammers is avoiding loss of your money.

They said: “Premium e-Commerce platform with Multi-Vendor capability. Start your own online shopping cart with multiple sellers, brands, categories in any currency. Sell physical or digital products in cyberspace to any buyer around the world. Inout Shopping Cart is far more than a storefront to sell your products. You can turn your ecommerce platform into a fully diverse multi-vendor shopping portal. More vendors, more buyers.”

1.      I purchased this inout script one year ago, but I had to give up finally.  Why?

2.      There are 8 bugs and 23 warnings by code checking.

3.      The Cronjob data had never been renewed.

4.      The database was attacked 3 times.

5.      The technique support never solved the issues.

6.      They always blamed the servers, even though the servers were properly set up, and did not have errors by third party organization.

7.      The site and its owner would be sued by vendors at any time. It was a potential loss of huge money.

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